A February 2016 study in the Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology examining the impact of oxybenzone in corals in Hawaii and the U.S. Virgin Islands concluded that the sunscreen ingredient “poses a hazard to coral reef conservation and threatens the resiliency of coral reefs to climate change.’’ Last year Hawaii banned the sale or distribution of any sunscreens containing oxybenzone and octinoxate.
Researchers have shown for the first time that a common sunscreen ingredient octocrylene forms compounds that accumulate in coral and could impair coral metabolism at high concentrations (Analytical Chemistry, December 5, 2018).
Didier Stien and colleagues at Sorbonne University and the French National Center for Scientific Research suspended pieces of Pocillopora damicronis coral in artificial seawater and treated them with different cosmetic ingredients at various concentrations. A week later they prepared extracts from the coral pieces and determined the chemical structures of compounds in the extracts using fragmentation mass spectrometry. The team found the results of octocrylene treatment the most surprising.
The researchers detected 18 compounds consisting of octocrylene coupled with fatty acids. This coupling made the octocrylene more lipid soluble, enabling it to accumulate in coral tissues. They saw these compounds even at an octocrylene concentration of 5 μg/L (microgram per liter) which is comparable to that in some aquatic environments, says Silvia Díaz-Cruz, an analytical chemist at the Spanish Council for Scientific Research not involved in the study.
The team did not see clear toxic effects at this concentration, at least over the one week of exposure in the study. But at 50 μg/L octocrylene and above, several fold higher concentrations than those detected in the environment so far, the researchers detected elevated levels of 16 acylcarnitines, metabolites that studies have correlated with malfunctions in mitochondria that impair the organelles’ ability to metabolize fatty acids.
Silvia Díaz-Cruz says other research groups, including her own have detected octocrylene in dolphins, mussels, and other aquatic organisms. The new findings mark the first to examine octocrylene metabolites. They also suggest these organisms are exposed to a higher environmental concentration of octocrylene than previously thought, accumulating in them not only in the form of octocrylene but also its fatty acid derivatives. The scientists conclude that octocrylene is toxic at these levels and predict that it may also be toxic at environmentally relevant levels over longer exposure times.